If you’re an F-1 or J-1 international student, you may need to apply for a Social Security number (SSN) while studying in the U.S. This number is used by the U.S. government to track your earnings over your lifetime. It is not a work permit, but rather a unique identifier that stays with you permanently once issued.
SSN vs. ITIN
If you work in the U.S., you must have proper work authorization and an SSN. However, if you don’t work but receive a taxable scholarship, you should instead apply for an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) for tax purposes.
Who Is Eligible for an SSN?
To qualify for an SSN, you must show that you:
- Are a full-time student; and
- Are authorized to work in the U.S. through one of the following:
- An on-campus job offer
- Curricular Practical Training (CPT)
- Optional Practical Training (OPT)
- Academic Training (for J-1 students)
You do not need an SSN for a driver’s license, bank account, cell phone, or other non-work purposes. F-2 dependents are not eligible for an SSN, while J-2 dependents may apply if they have work authorization.
How to Apply for an SSN
To get a Social Security Number, you’ll need to submit an application the Social Security Administration. However, you’ll want to have a few documents prepared ahead of time. These documents differ depending on what type of work authorization you have:
- Most recent I-20/DS-2019
- Passport
- Visa
- I-94
- SSN letter from ISS (if on-campus employment)
- Job offer letter (if on-campus employment, CPT, or Academic Training)
- EAD card (if OPT or J-2 dependent with work authorization)
After collecting these documents, you’ll need to complete the SS-5 online and then visit your local SSA office to submit your application materials.
SSA Review and Decision
During your appointment with the SSA, you’ll need to submit your application materials. The SSA officer will record your information and may ask you to confirm some details. SSA uses the Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements (SAVE) program to verify your nonimmigrant student status and determine if you are eligible for an SSN. You can use SAVE Case Check to follow the progress of your SAVE verification check online.
The SSA staff will not issue your card on the spot, but you should get a receipt or confirmation that your application was submitted. If approved, the SSA will mail your SSN card to the U.S. address you provided on your application. This process typically takes 2–4 weeks, though sometimes it can take longer if additional verification is needed.
Problems Getting an SSN?
Occasionally, students encounter difficulties during the application process. Common issues include delays in immigration record verification, missing or incomplete documents, or confusion about eligibility requirements. If your application is delayed or denied, don’t panic—these situations can often be resolved with the right documentation and follow-up. The Social Security Administration must confirm your immigration status with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and this verification process can sometimes take extra time. While ISS does not have direct access to SSA systems, sometimes we can still help you so do not hesitate to contact our office if you experience difficulties.